---

Tools

Five tools for querying USGS water data, plus two for SQL analytics over the DuckDB-backed canvas dataframes that water_get_series materializes:

Tool	Description
water_list_parameters	Static lookup of well-known USGS parameter codes with names, units, and domain. No network call.
water_find_sites	Find USGS monitoring sites by bounding box, state, county, or HUC watershed. Filter by site type and parameter availability.
water_get_readings	Get the latest instantaneous values (~15 min real-time) for up to 100 USGS sites.
water_get_series	Get a time series of daily or instantaneous values for a site over a date range. Large ranges spill to DataCanvas.
water_get_conditions	Get current hydrologic conditions ranked against the full period-of-record percentile statistics.
water_dataframe_describe	List tables and columns staged on a DataCanvas by water_get_series.
water_dataframe_query	Run a read-only SQL SELECT against time-series tables staged by water_get_series.

water_list_parameters

Static lookup of well-known USGS parameter codes — no network call, instant response.

• Discover that 00060 = Discharge (ft³/s), 00065 = Gage height (ft), 00010 = Temperature (°C), 72019 = Depth to water level (ft), and more
• Filter by thematic domain: streamflow, groundwater, temperature, meteorological, water-quality, or all
• Use this first — parameter codes are required by every other water tool

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water_find_sites

Discover USGS monitoring sites before calling data tools — all other tools require a site number.

• Geographic scoping: bounding box ("west,south,east,north" decimal degrees), state code, FIPS county code, or HUC watershed code
• Site type filtering: ST (stream), GW (groundwater well), LK (lake/reservoir), SP (spring), and more
• Parameter filter: only return sites that have data for a specific parameter code
• Data type filter: require sites with real-time (iv), daily (dv), or groundwater (gw) data
• Returns site number, name, coordinates, type, state/county/HUC codes, and available data types

---

water_get_readings

Get the latest instantaneous (~15 min) values for one or more USGS monitoring sites.

• Batch up to 100 site numbers in a single call
• Accepts any parameter code discoverable via water_list_parameters
• Configurable lookback period via ISO 8601 duration (e.g. PT2H = last 2 hours, P7D = last 7 days)
• Returns per-site, per-parameter records with timestamp, value, unit, and provisional/approved qualifier
• Groundwater depth available via parameterCd=72019 (the legacy gwlevels endpoint was decommissioned November 2025 — use the IV service instead)

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water_get_series

Get a historical time series for a site and parameter over a date range.

• Daily values (DV service, one value per day) or instantaneous values (IV service, ~15 min resolution)
• Returns site name, parameter name, unit code, and time-ordered value records with qualifiers
• DataCanvas spillover: large date ranges (>500 records) automatically spill to a DuckDB-backed canvas when CANVAS_PROVIDER_TYPE=duckdb is set — response includes canvas_id and table_name for follow-up SQL via water_dataframe_query
• Without DataCanvas, returns the most recent 500 records with a truncated flag and totalRecords count
• Supports chaining: pass a prior canvas_id to append data to an existing canvas

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water_get_conditions

Get current hydrologic conditions placed in full historical context.

• Fetches the current IV reading and the full daily percentile table in parallel
• Classifies the reading: record-high (≥ p95), above-normal (p75–p95), normal (p25–p75), below-normal (p10–p25), low (p05–p10), record-low (< p05)
• Answers "is this flooding or drought?" — not just a raw number
• Gracefully degrades when a site has insufficient record history: returns the current reading with historicalContext: null and an explanatory note

---

water_dataframe_describe / water_dataframe_query

In-conversation SQL analytics over the time-series dataframes that water_get_series materializes on a DuckDB-backed canvas.

Workflow:

1. Call water_get_series with a large date range — when DataCanvas is enabled, the response includes canvas_id and table_name
2. Call water_dataframe_describe with the canvas_id to confirm the table schema (columns: date_time, value, qualifiers, site_number, parameter_cd, unit_code)
3. Call water_dataframe_query with the canvas_id and a SELECT statement to run aggregates, filter by qualifier, or join multiple series

Read-only by default — only SELECT statements are permitted. Results are capped at 10,000 rows. Requires CANVAS_PROVIDER_TYPE=duckdb in the server environment.

Resources and prompts

Type	Name	Description
Resource	usgs-water://site/{siteId}	Site metadata: name, coordinates, type, HUC, state, county, and available data types
Resource	usgs-water://parameters	Full parameter code catalog (same data as water_list_parameters)

All resource data is also reachable via tools. Use water_find_sites for geographic site discovery.

Features

Built on @cyanheads/mcp-ts-core:

• Declarative tool and resource definitions — single file per primitive, framework handles registration and validation
• Unified error handling — handlers throw, framework catches, classifies, and formats
• Pluggable auth: none, jwt, oauth
• Swappable storage backends: in-memory, filesystem, Supabase, Cloudflare KV/R2/D1
• Structured logging with optional OpenTelemetry tracing
• STDIO and Streamable HTTP transports

USGS NWIS–specific:

• Wraps NWIS IV (instantaneous), DV (daily), site, and stat endpoints — no API key required, fully public
• HTML error detection: NWIS returns 400 with an HTML body for bad inputs; the service layer extracts the error message and maps it to a typed failure
• Multi-site batching: water_get_readings accepts up to 100 site numbers in one call
• Provisional vs. approved data qualifiers surfaced on every reading — not hidden from callers
• DataCanvas spillover: water_get_series materializes large date-range responses as DuckDB-backed df_<id> tables queryable via water_dataframe_query
• Groundwater via the IV service using parameter 72019 — the legacy gwlevels endpoint was decommissioned November 2025

Agent-friendly output:

• Percentile classification on every conditions response — callers get a percentileClass string (record-high, normal, record-low, etc.) they can act on directly without parsing numeric thresholds
• Partial success on conditions: missing stat data returns historicalContext: null with an explanatory note rather than an error, so the current reading is always available when the site is valid
• Truncation signals: water_get_series always reports totalRecords and truncated so callers know when a preview is incomplete, and canvas_id / table_name tell them exactly how to retrieve the rest

Getting started

Public Hosted Instance

A public instance is available at https://usgs-water.caseyjhand.com/mcp — no installation required. Point any MCP client at it via Streamable HTTP:

{
  "mcpServers": {
    "usgs-water-mcp-server": {
      "type": "streamable-http",
      "url": "https://usgs-water.caseyjhand.com/mcp"
    }
  }
}

Self-Hosted / Local

Add the following to your MCP client configuration file.

{
  "mcpServers": {
    "usgs-water-mcp-server": {
      "type": "stdio",
      "command": "bunx",
      "args": ["@cyanheads/usgs-water-mcp-server@latest"],
      "env": {
        "MCP_TRANSPORT_TYPE": "stdio",
        "MCP_LOG_LEVEL": "info"
      }
    }
  }
}

Or with npx (no Bun required):

{
  "mcpServers": {
    "usgs-water-mcp-server": {
      "type": "stdio",
      "command": "npx",
      "args": ["-y", "@cyanheads/usgs-water-mcp-server@latest"],
      "env": {
        "MCP_TRANSPORT_TYPE": "stdio",
        "MCP_LOG_LEVEL": "info"
      }
    }
  }
}

Or with Docker:

{
  "mcpServers": {
    "usgs-water-mcp-server": {
      "type": "stdio",
      "command": "docker",
      "args": [
        "run", "-i", "--rm",
        "-e", "MCP_TRANSPORT_TYPE=stdio",
        "ghcr.io/cyanheads/usgs-water-mcp-server:latest"
      ]
    }
  }
}

To enable DataCanvas for SQL analytics over large time-series results, add CANVAS_PROVIDER_TYPE=duckdb to the env block in any of the configs above.

For Streamable HTTP, set the transport and start the server:

MCP_TRANSPORT_TYPE=http MCP_HTTP_PORT=3010 bun run start:http
# Server listens at http://localhost:3010/mcp

Prerequisites

• Bun v1.3.11 or higher (or Node.js v24+).
• No API key required — USGS NWIS is a free, public API.

Installation

1. Clone the repository:

git clone https://github.com/cyanheads/usgs-water-mcp-server.git

2. Navigate into the directory:

cd usgs-water-mcp-server

3. Install dependencies:

bun install

4. Configure environment:

cp .env.example .env
# Edit .env to set any optional overrides

Configuration

Variable	Description	Default
CANVAS_PROVIDER_TYPE	Set to duckdb to enable DataCanvas spillover for large time-series results from water_get_series.	—
USGS_USER_AGENT	Custom User-Agent string sent to USGS NWIS. USGS requests a descriptive User-Agent per their terms.	usgs-water-mcp-server/0.1.4 (contact: https://github.com/cyanheads/usgs-water-mcp-server)
USGS_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS	HTTP request timeout in milliseconds for NWIS calls.	30000
MCP_TRANSPORT_TYPE	Transport: stdio or http.	stdio
MCP_HTTP_PORT	Port for HTTP server.	3010
MCP_AUTH_MODE	Auth mode: none, jwt, or oauth.	none
MCP_LOG_LEVEL	Log level (RFC 5424).	info
LOGS_DIR	Directory for log files (Node.js only).	<project-root>/logs
OTEL_ENABLED	Enable OpenTelemetry instrumentation (spans, metrics, completion logs).	false

See .env.example for the full list of optional overrides.

Running the server

Local development

• Build and run:

  # One-time build
  bun run rebuild
  
  # Run the built server
  bun run start:stdio
  # or
  bun run start:http
  

• Run checks and tests:

  bun run devcheck   # Lint, format, typecheck, security
  bun run test       # Vitest test suite
  bun run lint:mcp   # Validate MCP definitions against spec
  

Docker

docker build -t usgs-water-mcp-server .
docker run --rm -p 3010:3010 usgs-water-mcp-server

The Dockerfile defaults to HTTP transport, stateless session mode, and logs to /var/log/usgs-water-mcp-server. OpenTelemetry peer dependencies are installed by default — build with --build-arg OTEL_ENABLED=false to omit them.

Project structure

Directory	Purpose
src/index.ts	createApp() entry point — registers tools/resources and inits services.
src/config	Server-specific environment variable parsing and validation with Zod.
src/mcp-server/tools	Tool definitions (*.tool.ts).
src/mcp-server/resources	Resource definitions (*.resource.ts).
src/services/nwis	NWIS HTTP client — IV, DV, site, and stat endpoints with HTML error detection.
src/services/canvas	DataCanvas accessor for DuckDB-backed spillover.
tests/	Unit and integration tests mirroring src/.

Development guide

See CLAUDE.md for development guidelines and architectural rules. The short version:

• Handlers throw, framework catches — no try/catch in tool logic
• Use ctx.log for request-scoped logging, ctx.state for tenant-scoped storage
• Register new tools and resources via the barrels in src/mcp-server/*/definitions/index.ts
• Wrap external API calls: validate raw → normalize to domain type → return output schema; never fabricate missing fields

Contributing

Issues and pull requests are welcome. Run checks and tests before submitting:

bun run devcheck
bun run test

License

Apache-2.0 — see LICENSE for details.