🇨🇭 Part of the Swiss Public Data MCP Portfolio

🌿 swiss-environment-mcp

MCP server connecting AI models to Swiss environmental data from BAFU – air quality, hydrology, natural hazards, wildfire danger and open environmental datasets.

🇩🇪 Deutsche Version

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Overview

swiss-environment-mcp gives AI assistants like Claude direct access to real-time environmental data from Swiss federal authorities – no API keys required. Air quality readings from the national NABEL monitoring network, hydrological gauging stations, natural hazard bulletins, and the full BAFU dataset catalogue are all accessible through a single standardised MCP interface.

The server covers four thematic clusters: air quality (NABEL), hydrology, natural hazards, and the BAFU open data catalogue. Each cluster maps to a group of purpose-built tools that translate raw agency data into clean JSON responses.

Anchor demo query: "What is the current air quality at the NABEL station Zürich-Kaserne – and does it comply with WHO 2021 guidelines?" → More use cases by audience →

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Features

• 🌬️ Air quality monitoring – 16 NABEL stations, NO₂/O₃/PM10/PM2.5/SO₂/CO, Swiss LRV + WHO 2021 limit checks
• 💧 Hydrology – water levels, flow rates, temperatures across Swiss gauging stations
• 🚨 Flood warnings – active alerts filtered by danger level and canton
• 🏔️ Natural hazard bulletin – SLF/BAFU bulletin in DE/FR/IT/EN, region-specific warnings
• 🔥 Wildfire danger – canton- and region-level fire danger index
• ❄️ Snow & avalanches (SLF) – snow depth, new snow per IMIS station; avalanche danger levels (EAWS)
• 🦌 Hunting statistics – cull & game-loss figures per species, canton and year (federal hunting statistics)
• 📦 BAFU open data catalogue – search and retrieve environmental datasets via CKAN
• 🔑 No authentication required – all data sources are publicly accessible
• ☁️ Dual transport – stdio for Claude Desktop, Streamable HTTP/SSE for cloud deployment

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Prerequisites

• Python 3.11+
• No API keys needed – all endpoints are publicly accessible without authentication

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Installation

# Clone the repository
git clone https://github.com/malkreide/swiss-environment-mcp.git
cd swiss-environment-mcp

# Install
pip install -e .

Or with uvx (no permanent installation):

uvx swiss-environment-mcp

Or via pip:

pip install swiss-environment-mcp

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Quickstart

# Start the server (stdio mode for Claude Desktop)
swiss-environment-mcp

Try it immediately in Claude Desktop:

"What is the current air quality at NABEL station Zürich-Kaserne?" "Are there any active flood warnings in Switzerland right now?" "What is the wildfire danger level in Canton Valais?"

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Configuration

Claude Desktop

Minimal (recommended):

{
  "mcpServers": {
    "swiss-environment": {
      "command": "uvx",
      "args": ["swiss-environment-mcp"],
      "env": {}
    }
  }
}

Config file locations:

• macOS: ~/Library/Application Support/Claude/claude_desktop_config.json
• Windows: %APPDATA%\Claude\claude_desktop_config.json

After saving, restart Claude Desktop completely.

Cloud Deployment (SSE for browser access)

For use via claude.ai in the browser (e.g. on managed workstations without local software):

Render.com (recommended):

1. Push/fork the repository to GitHub
2. On render.com: New Web Service → connect GitHub repo
3. Render detects render.yaml automatically
4. In claude.ai under Settings → MCP Servers, add: https://your-app.onrender.com/sse

Docker:

docker build -t swiss-environment-mcp .
docker run -p 8000:8000 swiss-environment-mcp

💡 "stdio for the developer laptop, SSE for the browser."

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Available Tools

All tools share the stable env_ name prefix — a deliberate namespace choice so that the server's tools are recognisable and unlikely to collide when several MCP servers are mounted together. Tool definitions (name, description, input schema) are pinned via tool-snapshot.json; changes require a CHANGELOG entry (see CONTRIBUTING).

Tool budget (18 tools, 6 clusters). Every tool maps to a distinct user question, not to a REST endpoint — there is no CRUD/endpoint mirroring, and the anchor queries are each answerable in a single call. The count sits above the ≤12 rule of thumb because the server deliberately spans six environmental domains (air, water, hazards, snow, hunting, catalogue), each needing a list/detail pair or a domain-specific action. Further consolidation was considered and rejected: the *_stations/*_current pairs (NABEL, hydro, snow) serve genuinely different intents (discovery vs. reading a known station) and collapsing them would overload a single tool's parameters. Adding a seventh domain would trigger a review of whether some listings should migrate to MCP resources instead of tools.

🌬️ Air Quality / NABEL (3 tools)

Tool	Description	Data Source
env_nabel_stations	List all 16 NABEL monitoring stations with location type and canton	NABEL / BAFU
env_nabel_current	Current air quality data for a station (NO₂, O₃, PM10, PM2.5, SO₂, CO)	NABEL / BAFU
env_air_limits_check	Compare a measurement against Swiss LRV limits and WHO 2021 guidelines	Built-in

💧 Hydrology (5 tools)

Tool	Description	Data Source
env_hydro_stations	Filter hydrological gauging stations by canton or water body	LINDAS SPARQL → hydrodaten.admin.ch (fallback)
env_hydro_current	Current water level, flow rate and temperature at a station	LINDAS SPARQL → hydrodaten.admin.ch (fallback)
env_hydro_history	Historical hourly values (up to 30 days) with download links ⚠️	hydrodaten.admin.ch
env_flood_warnings	Active flood warnings filtered by danger level and canton	hydrodaten.admin.ch
env_bathing_water	Bathing water quality (E.coli, enterococci) per bathing site — multi-year time series	LINDAS SPARQL (data cube ubd0104)

🏔️ Natural Hazards (3 tools)

Tool	Description	Data Source
env_hazard_overview	Router: points to the dedicated live hazard tools + official portals (no network call — the aggregate naturgefahren.ch API was discontinued)	local
env_hazard_regions	Router: maps a hazard type (flood/avalanche/wildfire/snow) to the right live tool + portal (no network call)	local
env_wildfire_danger	Wildfire danger index by canton and region	waldbrandgefahr.ch

❄️ Snow & Avalanches / SLF (3 tools)

Tool	Description	Data Source
env_snow_stations	List automatic SLF/IMIS snow measurement stations (by canton)	measurement-api.slf.ch
env_snow_current	Current snow depth (HS) and 24 h new snow (HN_1D) per station, in cm	measurement-api.slf.ch
env_avalanche_bulletin	Avalanche danger levels (EAWS 1–5) per warning region, seasonal	aws.slf.ch

🦌 Hunting & Wildlife (2 tools)

Tool	Description	Data Source
env_hunting_species	List the 36 species tracked by the federal hunting statistics (with codes)	jagdstatistik.ch (embedded)
env_hunting_stats	Cull / game-loss / population figures per species, canton and year (2015–2024)	jagdstatistik.ch

📊 Environmental Data Catalogue (2 tools)

Tool	Description	Data Source
env_bafu_datasets	Search BAFU datasets on opendata.swiss (CKAN API)	opendata.swiss
env_bafu_dataset_detail	Full metadata and download URLs for a specific dataset	opendata.swiss

Example Use Cases

Query	Tool
"Air quality at Zürich-Kaserne right now?"	env_nabel_current
"Does 45 µg/m³ NO₂ exceed the Swiss limit?"	env_air_limits_check
"Current water level of the Limmat in Zurich?"	env_hydro_current
"Is the water quality at Strandbad Küsnacht safe for swimming?"	env_bathing_water
"Active flood warnings in Switzerland?"	env_flood_warnings
"Natural hazard bulletin for Graubünden?"	env_hazard_overview
"Wildfire danger in Canton Valais?"	env_wildfire_danger
"BAFU biodiversity datasets on opendata.swiss?"	env_bafu_datasets

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🛡️ Safety & Limits

Aspect	Details
Access	Read-only (readOnlyHint: true) — the server cannot modify or delete any data
Personal data	No personal data — all sources are aggregated, public environmental measurements
Rate limits	Built-in per-query caps (e.g. max 30 days hydrology history, 50 dataset search results)
Timeout	30 seconds per API call
Authentication	No API keys required — all BAFU endpoints are publicly accessible
Licenses	BAFU Open Government Data (OGD) — free reuse with mandatory attribution
Terms of Service	Subject to ToS of the respective data sources: BAFU / opendata.swiss, hydrodaten.admin.ch, naturgefahren.ch, waldbrandgefahr.ch

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Architecture

┌─────────────────┐     ┌───────────────────────────┐     ┌──────────────────────────┐
│   Claude / AI   │────▶│   Swiss Environment MCP   │────▶│  BAFU / Swiss Agencies   │
│   (MCP Host)    │◀────│   (MCP Server)            │◀────│                          │
└─────────────────┘     │                           │     │  hydrodaten.admin.ch     │
                        │  18 Tools · 3 Resources   │     │  naturgefahren.ch        │
                        │  Stdio | SSE              │     │  waldbrandgefahr.ch      │
                        │                           │     │  opendata.swiss (CKAN)   │
                        │  api_client.py            │     └──────────────────────────┘
                        │  server.py (FastMCP)      │
                        └───────────────────────────┘

Architecture note — extractable lindas/ module

All LINDAS SPARQL access goes through the deliberately extractable src/swiss_environment_mcp/lindas/ module, built as three strict layers: client.py knows only SPARQL and HTTP (GET/POST, 45 s client-side timeout, QueryError carrying the server's MALFORMED message, 2 s/4 s/8 s retry); cube.py knows the cube.link vocabulary (mandatory observationSet two-phase access, version deduplication via schema:expires, code→label resolution, licence lookup); the tools only ever call cube.py. The module will be lifted into a shared lindas-mcp as soon as a second server uses LINDAS (candidate: wsl-envidat-mcp).

Data Sources

Source	Data	Licence
lindas.admin.ch	Current hydrology (level, discharge, water temperature) and bathing water quality via SPARQL	BAFU Open-Use / OGD (declared per graph/dataset — each response carries a licence field)
hydrodaten.admin.ch	Water levels, flow rates, temperatures (REST fallback)	BAFU OGD
naturgefahren.ch	Natural hazard bulletin (SLF/BAFU)	BAFU/SLF
waldbrandgefahr.ch	Wildfire danger index	BAFU
SLF data service	Snow depth, new snow (IMIS); avalanche bulletin	SLF (WSL) CC BY 4.0
jagdstatistik.ch	Federal hunting statistics (cull, game loss, population)	BAFU — source attribution required (no explicit licence published)
opendata.swiss	BAFU data catalogue (CKAN API)	OGD

All data: publicly accessible, no authentication required.
Attribution required: BAFU / SLF (WSL) must be cited as the source when using their data.

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Project Structure

swiss-environment-mcp/
├── src/swiss_environment_mcp/
│   ├── __init__.py          # Package
│   ├── server.py            # FastMCP server: 18 tools, 3 resources
│   ├── api_client.py        # HTTP client + egress allow-list (SSRF guard)
│   └── logging_setup.py     # structlog -> stderr
├── tests/
│   ├── test_unit.py         # Mocked unit tests (no network) — CI default
│   ├── test_integration.py  # Live API tests (marker: live)
│   └── test_20_scenarios.py # Live scenario coverage
├── scripts/tool_snapshot.py # Tool-definition hash snapshot (rug-pull guard)
├── docs/                    # security.md, scaling.md, roadmap.md
├── .github/
│   ├── dependabot.yml       # Monthly dependency/action updates
│   └── workflows/           # ci.yml, security.yml (gitleaks), live-tests.yml, publish.yml
├── Dockerfile               # Multi-stage, non-root container
├── render.yaml / Procfile   # Cloud deployment
├── tool-snapshot.json       # Committed tool-definition snapshot
├── .env.example             # Non-secret config template
└── pyproject.toml           # Build configuration (hatchling)

Single-module layout (rationale, audit ARCH-011): the 18 tools live in one server.py rather than a tools/ package. They are thin, uniform wrappers over api_client.py sharing the same input/response patterns, so a single well-sectioned module stays more navigable than 4 near-identical files. This is a deliberate, documented deviation; a split is revisited if tool logic grows non-uniform.

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MCP Protocol Version & Maintenance

• MCP protocol: negotiated at initialize time and handled by the pinned MCP SDK (mcp[cli]). The SDK version is the canonical pin; SDK/protocol updates land via Dependabot PRs (.github/dependabot.yml, monthly).
• Tool-definition stability (audit SEC-022): any change to a tool's name, description or parameters changes tool-snapshot.json; CI fails until the snapshot is regenerated and a CHANGELOG entry + version bump are added.
• Update policy: review Dependabot PRs monthly; bump the version (semver) on any tool-definition or behaviour change.

Lifecycle Phase

This server is in Phase 1 (read-only) — all tools read-only, no auth, no side effects. The phase model and prerequisites for Phase 2 (write/auth) are in docs/roadmap.md. Security architecture (SSRF/egress, secret management, lethal-trifecta assessment): docs/security.md. Scaling/session strategy: docs/scaling.md.

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Known Limitations

• Hydrology via LINDAS: env_hydro_current, env_hydro_stations and env_flood_warnings query the BAFU LINDAS SPARQL endpoint (typed live values: level, discharge, water temperature, danger level). LINDAS holds current values only (one observation per station) — it is not a historical time series. See docs/probe-lindas-hydro.md.
• Historical hydrology / env_hydro_history (BUG-01 resolved): the old hydrodaten.admin.ch/lhg/az/* REST endpoints (hourly CSV, warnings.json, station JSON) are decommissioned (404). env_flood_warnings now uses LINDAS dangerLevel instead. Real historical time series (daily / long-term means — e.g. summer 2024 vs. long-term average) are not freely available via API; they must be ordered from the BAFU Hydrological Enquiry Service (abfragezentrale@bafu.admin.ch). env_hydro_history returns the latest LINDAS value plus this access path.
• Flood warnings: env_flood_warnings reads LINDAS dangerLevel; a canton filter is not available there (LINDAS carries no canton code), so it is reported but not applied.
• Bathing water quality (env_bathing_water): reads the LINDAS data cube foen/ubd01041prod — the only hydro cube with a real multi-year time series (seasonal samples since 2020). Data is refreshed annually after the bathing season (no real-time monitoring), and the survey covers only the officially reported bathing sites (many popular lidos are not part of it). The licence is declared at graph/dataset level, not on the cube; every response therefore carries an explicit licence field — with an honest «not declared» note where none exists. See docs/probe-lindas-hydro.md (addendum N1–N7).
• No groundwater data in LINDAS: verified 2026-07-24 via multilingual cube search — LINDAS contains no groundwater cube (NAQUA groundwater levels are not available via SPARQL).
• NABEL: Near-real-time data only; no historical time series via this server.
• Natural hazards (env_hazard_overview / env_hazard_regions): the former naturgefahren.ch/api/v1/warnings/* REST endpoints were decommissioned (2026) and — verified 2026-07-26 — there is no stable, documented public JSON feed for the aggregated warnings (MeteoSwiss OGD/STAC, opendata.swiss and the undocumented app API were all checked). Rather than a fragile scrape, both tools are now network-free orientation/router tools: they deterministically point to this server's dedicated live tools (flood→env_flood_warnings, avalanche→env_avalanche_bulletin, wildfire→env_wildfire_danger, snow→env_snow_current) and the official portals. Aggregated weather warnings (storm/thunderstorm/heat) are MeteoSwiss's domain and belong to meteoswiss-mcp. See docs/probe-naturgefahren-hazards.md.
• Wildfire danger (env_wildfire_danger): waldbrandgefahr.ch replaced its REST API with a Rails/React app in 2026; there is no stable JSON endpoint. Current danger levels are read via a two-step, HTML-borne contract: the homepage's data-react-props yields a signed ActiveStorage blob URL (warnMapJsonPath) plus the canton mapping, which is then fetched. A schema-guard degrades gracefully if that structure changes. Unfiltered results are capped at 40 regions (highest levels first); filter by canton for a full cantonal list. See docs/probe-naturgefahren-waldbrand.md.
• Hunting statistics (env_hunting_stats): The jagdstatistik.ch backend is undocumented (a content-negotiated web-app endpoint). A schema-guard degrades gracefully if the structure changes. Species/canton/datatype lookups are embedded (harvested 2026-07-19); figures are fetched live for 2015–2024. Licence (researched 2026-07-19): the data is owned by BAFU (compiled from cantonal offices; site tech by Wildtier Schweiz) and is not published as a licensed dataset on opendata.swiss; no explicit licence is stated on the source. Responses therefore require source attribution to BAFU; formal licence confirmation from BAFU is still pending. See docs/probe-jagdstatistik.md.

Responsibility matrix — water, snow & precipitation (delineation vs. meteoswiss-mcp)

To avoid duplicating water, snow and precipitation data across the portfolio, responsibilities are split as follows. meteoswiss-mcp owns atmospheric precipitation and weather; swiss-environment-mcp owns surface waters (BAFU domain: discharge, water level, water temperature, bathing quality), snow on the ground and avalanche danger. Checked against the actual LINDAS cube dimensions (2026-07-24): there is no overlap in measured quantities.

Data	swiss-environment-mcp (BAFU / SLF)	meteoswiss-mcp (MeteoSwiss)
Discharge (m³/s)	✅ env_hydro_current (LINDAS hydro/river)	❌
Water level (m a.s.l.)	✅ env_hydro_current (LINDAS hydro/river + lake)	❌
Water temperature (°C)	✅ env_hydro_current	❌ (measures air temperature)
Bathing water quality (E.coli etc.)	✅ env_bathing_water (LINDAS ubd0104)	❌
Snow depth on the ground (HS)	✅ env_snow_current (SLF IMIS)	❌
Fresh snow 24 h (HN_1D)	✅ env_snow_current (SLF IMIS)	❌
Avalanche danger level	✅ env_avalanche_bulletin (SLF, EAWS 1–5)	❌
Snowfall as a current weather condition	❌	✅ meteo_current / meteo_forecast (weather code)
Precipitation amount (mm): measurement network, forecast, climate normals	❌	✅ meteo_current / meteo_forecast / meteo_climate_normals
Precipitation at SLF IMIS mountain stations	✅ only as snow-cover context, no standalone precipitation tool	(MeteoSwiss network)
Weather warnings (storm, thunderstorm, heat)	❌	✅ meteo_warnings
Natural-hazard warnings (flood, avalanche, wildfire)	✅ env_flood_warnings, env_hazard_*, env_wildfire_danger	❌

Rule: everything in and on water bodies (discharge, level, water temperature, bathing quality), snow on the ground and avalanche danger belong to swiss-environment-mcp (BAFU/SLF); atmospheric precipitation (rain/snowfall as mm) plus weather, forecast, warnings and climate normals belong to meteoswiss-mcp. The SLF IMIS precipitation endpoint (RR_10MIN_SUM) is deliberately not wired up as a tool, so it does not duplicate MeteoSwiss. The snow/avalanche tools are live (see docs/probe-slf.md). TODO (out of scope here): mirror this matrix in the meteoswiss-mcp README — that repository is not part of this change.

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Testing

# Unit tests (no API keys or network required)
PYTHONPATH=src pytest tests/ -m "not live"

# Integration tests (requires live BAFU APIs)
PYTHONPATH=src pytest tests/ -m "live"

# Linting
ruff check src/

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Contributing

See CONTRIBUTING.md (English) · CONTRIBUTING.de.md (German)

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Security

Security policy and posture: SECURITY.md (English) · SECURITY.de.md (German). Full security architecture: docs/security.md.

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Changelog

See CHANGELOG.md

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License

MIT License — see LICENSE

Source data is subject to BAFU terms of use. Attribution to BAFU is required when using their data.

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Author

Hayal Oezkan · github.com/malkreide

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Credits & Related Projects

• Data: BAFU / Bundesamt für Umwelt · hydrodaten.admin.ch · naturgefahren.ch · opendata.swiss
• Protocol: Model Context Protocol – Anthropic / Linux Foundation
• Related:

Server	Description
zurich-opendata-mcp	City of Zurich open data (OSTLUFT air quality, weather, parking, geodata)
swiss-transport-mcp	Swiss public transport – OJP 2.0 journey planning, SIRI-SX disruptions
swiss-road-mobility-mcp	GBFS shared mobility, EV charging, DATEX II traffic
swiss-statistics-mcp	BFS STAT-TAB – 682 statistical datasets

Synergy example: "What was the air quality at Schulhaus Leutschenbach today – and how does it compare to the national NABEL average?"
→ zurich-opendata-mcp (OSTLUFT, local) + swiss-environment-mcp (NABEL, national)

• Portfolio: Swiss Public Data MCP Portfolio

Installation

Run via uv's uvx — no clone or manual install needed. Add to your MCP client config (mcpServers for Claude Desktop, Cursor and Windsurf; use a top-level servers key for VS Code in .vscode/mcp.json):

{
  "mcpServers": {
    "swiss-environment-mcp": {
      "command": "uvx",
      "args": [
        "swiss-environment-mcp"
      ]
    }
  }
}